Importance Of Effective Communication In Nursing – Effective clinical communication is two-way (or multi-way if between teams), structured and continuous communication that results in timely, accurate and appropriate transfer of information. It is customized, open, honest and respectful, and there is also the opportunity for clarification and feedback.
Clinical communication is the exchange of information about a person’s care that takes place between treating clinicians, members of the multidisciplinary team* and between clinicians and patients, families and caregivers.
Importance Of Effective Communication In Nursing
The process of communication is the way in which information is exchanged. It includes several components – the sender (the person who communicates the information); receiver (person receiving information); message (information to be communicated); and communication channel. The way information is delivered, including structure and non-verbal communication (body language, eye contact and tone) are also important factors.
Principles Of Effective Nurse Patient Communication
The various channels of communication include verbal (face-to-face, telephone, via video call, eg FaceTime, Skype), written (e-mail, letters, faxes) and electronic means. Communication processes can occur at the same time, such as verbal communication between two clinicians, or at different times, such as written communication in which a clinician documents the patient’s goals, assessments, and plan of care in a medical record, which is later read by another clinician.
*A multidisciplinary team is a team that includes two or more clinicians from multiple disciplines, working together to provide comprehensive care. The team may operate under one organizational umbrella or may be from several organizations gathered into a single team. Multidisciplinary care includes interdisciplinary care.
Failures in communication, lack of teamwork, and inadequate documentation in health care are known to result in errors, misdiagnoses, inappropriate treatment, and poor outcomes of care. Evidence shows that:
How clinicians communicate with a patient can profoundly affect a person’s experience of care, and effective communication and engagement with patients has been shown to positively impact a person’s health outcomes, reduce hospital readmissions after discharge, and prevent adverse events during care. An adverse event is an incident that results in, or could have resulted in, harm to a patient or consumer. A near miss is a type of adverse event.
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Effective patient-clinician communication involves two-way communication (spoken, written, and nonverbal) that involves patients in decision-making and care planning. It is tailored, fair and respectful, and there is opportunity for clarification and feedback.
The table below describes the essential elements for effective patient-clinician communication, why each element is important for the safe delivery of high-quality care, and how the elements can affect patient outcomes.
The Calgary-Cambridge Model and the Kalamazoo Consensus Statement provide useful guidelines for core clinical communication skills and the tasks that support the essential elements.
To improve effective communication, clinicians can use specific, structured techniques to share information with each other. Examples of strategies and techniques include:
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Shared decision-making is an essential part of care planning and involves integrating the patient’s values, goals, and concerns with the best available evidence about the benefits, risks, and uncertainties of treatment, in order to reach appropriate health care decisions.
Effective teamwork and communication are essential for safe functioning in complex and dynamic situations, such as healthcare. They are essential to ensure that a person receives continuous and coordinated care and enable teams to work together to manage competing priorities, overcome human factors issues and reduce the risk of error. Most importantly, it improves patient and family outcomes by improving the diagnostic and prognostic abilities of healthcare professionals.
Effective communication relies on a complex set of skills, including how well a person is able to communicate with others, the ability to gather and synthesize relevant information, clinical reasoning, resolving conflict or challenging conversations, and communicating information in a structured and meaningful way.
Each health care team is unique, with its own purpose, size, environment, set of key members, and methods of communication. However, the core principles that are important in all teams are identified as: a shared understanding of who is part of the team, shared goals of care, clear roles and responsibilities, mutual trust and respect, effective communication and measurable processes and outcomes (see Table 1).
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It is important that all team members have a common understanding of who is part of the team at any given time. The team will always include the person receiving care and, if they choose, their family, carer or nominated support person. However, other members may change depending on the person’s care needs and/or availability of health care providers.
The team – which includes the patient and, as appropriate, family and other support persons – works to establish shared goals that reflect the patient’s expressed preferences and health needs, consider the impact of the patient’s health problems on their life and well-being, and are clinically appropriate.
The shared decision-making process is important for achieving common goals, which can be clearly articulated, understood and supported by all team members.
Clear and known expectations for each team member’s functions, responsibilities, and accountabilities that will optimize team effectiveness and increase the team’s ability to achieve shared team goals.
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Team members gain mutual trust, creating firm norms of greater reciprocity and greater opportunities for joint achievement.
Mutual trust and respect will support a non-punitive environment where individuals can speak up, express concerns and where there is continuous learning. It also includes respect for the person receiving care, including their goals, preferences and cultural beliefs.
Effective communication is a two-way process that conveys accurate information that is tailored, open, honest, and respectful. It includes communication between health professionals and with users, families and carers.
Communication is a priority and the team continuously works to improve and perfect their communication skills. There are consistent channels for honest and complete communication, accessed and used by all team members in all settings.
Interpersonal Communication In Healthcare
The team negotiates and implements reliable and timely feedback on successes and failures both in team functioning and in achieving team goals. These are used to monitor and improve performance immediately and over time.
While effective communication is described in Table 1 as one of the principles affecting team trustworthiness, in practice effective communication is essential in all principles.
For example, to establish common team goals, members will need to communicate effectively with each other and with the patient and their families. Similarly, clear roles and responsibilities require team members to engage in open, honest, and ongoing discussions about each team member’s level of preparation and capacity to best utilize individual skills, expertise, and resources to achieve common goals. Therefore, strategies to improve interdisciplinary team communication will need to consider how communication can support all of these principles.
Ensuring that the right care is delivered to the right patient is an essential part of safe care. Patient identification is an activity performed routinely in all care settings and can often be considered a relatively unimportant task. However, it is vital to adopt safety processes for common tasks to prevent simple mistakes that can lead to patient harm.
Patient And Caregiver Communication: The Cornerstone Of Patient Safety
Misalignment between patients and their care can have significant consequences including death or major permanent loss of function. Although this does not always lead to harm, failure to correctly identify patients and relate that information to the intended treatment or intervention can result in procedures being performed on the wrong person, the wrong side, or the wrong place; medication errors; blood transfusion errors; and errors in diagnostic testing. Diligent use of checklists and tools to correctly identify patients and match them to planned treatment helps prevent errors from occurring.
Given the complexity of care delivery, the purpose of communication will vary depending on the setting or context of care. Secure communication requires flexibility and consideration of what is needed locally. To determine this, it may be helpful to break down the communication process into the following key considerations:
Healthcare staff must be aware that some patient groups may have multiple communication problems. This could be related to the complexity of the information that can be gathered from the patient or given to the patient, or complications with language and comprehension, or both. These patient groups may include: Communication is more than just providing information. It has a vital role in establishing positive therapeutic relationships and in recognizing the human nature of patients. In this article, we will look at why good communication skills are very important in medical education.
First, let’s talk about good communication. Good communication means recognizing the individuality of patients and their will in order to be able to provide holistic care. It is the most important aspect in medical training besides skills. It is critical to explore and understand the extraordinary range of cultural expectations that patients and healthcare professionals bring to modern healthcare. Good communication skills are essential for valid patient consent.
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On the other hand, most complaints about healthcare providers have somewhere to do with poor communication skills. Certain groups, such as the elderly, children, young people, people with learning disabilities and those for whom the local language is not their first language, can sometimes struggle to be heard. People from such groups
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