Importance Of Ethics In Educational Research – The ideas and opinions expressed in this essay are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the NIH or the US government.
When most people think of ethics (or morality), they think of rules for distinguishing between right and wrong, such as the Golden Rule (“Do unto others as you would have them do unto you”), codes of professional conduct such as the Hippocratic Oath (“Above all, do no harm”), a religious belief such as the Ten Commandments (“Thou shalt not kill…”), or wise aphorisms such as the sayings of Confucius. This is the most common way to define “ethics”: norms of conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior.
Importance Of Ethics In Educational Research
Most people learn ethical norms at home, at school, at church, or in other social settings. Although most people acquire a sense of right and wrong during childhood, moral development occurs throughout life and people go through different stages of growth as they grow up. Ethical norms are so ubiquitous that one might be tempted to treat them as simple common sense. On the other hand, if it should only be common sense, then why are there so many ethical disputes and questions in our society?
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One plausible explanation for these disagreements is that all people recognize some common ethical norms, but interpret, apply, and balance them in different ways in light of their own values and life experiences. For example, two people might agree that murder is wrong, but disagree about the morality of abortion because they have different understandings of what it means to be human.
Most societies also have legal rules governing behavior, but ethical norms are usually broader and more informal than laws. Although most societies use laws to enforce generally accepted moral standards, and ethical and legal rules use similar concepts, ethics and law are not the same. An action can be legal but unethical or illegal but ethical. Ethical concepts and principles can also be used to criticize, evaluate, propose or interpret laws. Indeed, in the last century, many social reformers urged citizens to disobey laws they considered immoral or unjust. Peaceful civil disobedience is an ethical way of protesting laws or expressing political views.
Another way of defining ‘ethics’ focuses on disciplines that study standards of conduct, such as philosophy, theology, law, psychology or sociology. For example, a “medical ethicist” is someone who studies ethical standards in medicine. Ethics can also be defined as a method, procedure or perspective for deciding how to act and for analyzing complex problems and issues. For example, when dealing with a complex issue such as global warming, we can take an economic, ecological, political or ethical perspective on the problem. While an economist might examine the costs and benefits of various policies related to global warming, an environmental ethicist might examine the ethical values and principles at play.
Many different disciplines, institutions, and professions have standards of behavior that correspond to their purposes and goals. These standards also help members of the discipline to harmonize their actions or activities and to establish public confidence in the discipline. For example, ethical standards govern conduct in medicine, law, technology, and business. Ethical norms also serve the purposes or goals of research and apply to people who carry out scientific research or other scientific or creative activities. There is even a specialized discipline, research ethics, that examines these norms. See Glossary of Frequently Used Terms in Research Ethics.
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There are several reasons why it is important to adhere to ethical standards in research. First, norms promote research goals such as knowledge, truth, and error avoidance. For example, prohibitions on fabricating, falsifying, or misrepresenting research data promote truth and reduce error.
Second, because research often involves a lot of collaboration and coordination between many different people in different disciplines and institutions, ethical standards promote values essential to collaborative work, such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness. For example, many ethical norms in research, such as authorship guidelines, copyright and patenting policies, data sharing policies, and confidentiality rules in peer review, are designed to protect intellectual property interests while encouraging collaboration. Most researchers want to be recognized for their contributions and don’t want their ideas stolen or leaked prematurely.
Third, a number of ethical norms help ensure that researchers can be held accountable to the public. For example, federal policies on research misconduct, conflicts of interest, human protection, and animal care and use are needed to ensure that publicly funded researchers can be held accountable to the public.
Fourth, ethical norms in research also help build public support for research. People are more likely to fund a research project if they can trust the quality and integrity of the research.
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Finally, many research norms promote a range of other important moral and social values, such as social responsibility, human rights, animal welfare, compliance with the law, and public health and safety. Ethical errors in research can cause significant harm to humans and animals, students and the public. For example, a researcher who fabricates data in a clinical trial can injure or even kill patients, and a researcher who does not follow radiation or biosafety regulations and guidelines can put their own health and safety or the health and safety of staff and students at risk. .
Given the importance of ethics to the conduct of research, it should come as no surprise that many different professional associations, government agencies, and universities have adopted specific codes, rules, and policies related to research ethics. Many government agencies have ethical rules for funded researchers.
Strive for honesty in all scholarly communications. Report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status honestly. Do not fabricate, falsify or misrepresent information. Do not mislead colleagues, research sponsors or the public.
Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, staffing decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research where objectivity is expected or required. Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception. Disclose personal or financial interests that may affect research.
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Avoid careless mistakes and negligence; carefully and critically examine your work and the work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities such as data collection, research design and correspondence with agencies or journals.
Take responsibility for your role in the research and be prepared to give an account (ie an explanation or justification) of what you did in the research project and why.
Respect patents, copyrights and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data, methods or results without permission. Give appropriate credit or praise for all research contributions. Never plagiarize.
Protect confidential communications such as papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.
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Publish to advance research and scholarship, not just to advance your career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative posting.
Help with education, mentoring and counseling for students. Encourage their well-being and allow them to make their own decisions.
Avoid discriminating against colleagues or students based on gender, race, ethnicity, or other factors unrelated to scholarly competence and integrity.
Maintain and improve one’s own professional competence and expertise through lifelong education and learning; take measures to promote competence in science as a whole.
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Show appropriate respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not perform unnecessary or poorly designed experiments on animals.
Minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits when conducting human research; respect human dignity, privacy and autonomy; take special precautions with vulnerable populations; and strive for an equitable distribution of the benefits and burdens of research.
* Adapted from Shamoo A and Resnik D. 2015. Responsible Conduct of Research, 3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press).
Although codes, policies and principles are very important and useful, like any set of rules, they do not cover all situations, they often conflict and require considerable interpretation. It is therefore important that researchers learn to interpret, evaluate and apply different research rules and how to make decisions and behave ethically in different situations. The vast majority of decisions involve the direct application of ethical rules. For example, consider the following example,
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The research protocol for the hypertension drug study calls for the administration of the drug at various doses to 50 laboratory mice using chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects. Tom is almost done trying for the Ph.D. Q. He only has 5 mice left to test. However, he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida for spring break with his friends who are leaving tonight. He injected the drug into all 50 mice, but did not run all the tests. So he decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to get 5 additional results.
Many different research ethics policies would consider Tom’s manipulation of the data unethical. If this study were sponsored by a federal agency like the NIH, its actions would constitute a form of research.
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