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What Is Emphysema And Copd
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Emphysema, also called pulmonary emphysema, a condition characterized by widespread destruction of the gas-exchanging lung tissues, resulting in abnormally large air spaces. Lungs affected by emphysema show loss of alveolar walls and destruction of alveolar capillaries. As a result, the surface available for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the inhaled air and the blood crossing the lungs is reduced. In addition, loss of elastic tissue from the walls of the destroyed alveoli causes the lungs to expand in the rib cage. Expanded lungs compress the small bronchi and thus increase resistance to airflow. This is especially evident during expiration, when the contraction of the muscles of the chest wall and abdomen increases the intrathoracic pressure and further reduces the passage of air through the small bronchi.
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Tobacco smoking is the most common cause of pulmonary emphysema. In smokers, emphysema usually coexists with chronic obstructive bronchitis. Together, these two conditions are known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
About 15 percent of regular cigarette smokers develop progressive pulmonary emphysema, which usually begins in the fourth or fifth decade of smoking. The reason that emphysema develops in some smokers but not others is generally unknown. One factor that predisposes some individuals to emphysema is an inherited deficiency of alpha-1 antitrypsin, an enzyme that normally protects the lungs from injury caused by cigarette smoke. Smokers who inherit an abnormal gene for alpha-1 antitrypsin from both parents often develop progressive and severe emphysema, especially in the lower lung, which begins before the age of 40. Non-smokers who have the enzyme deficiency are usually unaffected.
Bullous emphysema is characterized by damaged alveoli that expand to form exceptionally large air spaces, especially in the upper parts of the lungs. This condition sometimes occurs in healthy young adults. Bullous emphysema often first comes to attention when an abnormal air space ruptures, leaking air into the pleural space and causing the affected lung to collapse (
Pneumothorax). The victim experiences a sudden onset of severe chest pain and shortness of breath. Breathing impairment requires insertion of a tube through the chest wall to allow air to exit the chest cavity. In severe cases, surgery may be needed to repair the areas of the lung that have burst. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that leads to obstructed airflow. It typically develops slowly, but it is progressive, meaning that its symptoms get worse over time. It can cause coughing and difficulty breathing.
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Two of the most common types of COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis refers to the effects on the bronchi, or large airways. Emphysema refers to changes in the alveoli, or air sacs. Both are common with COPD and both contribute to airflow obstruction and symptoms.
COPD often affects older adults. COPD can become increasingly restrictive on daily activities, and is currently the
The most common symptom of COPD is difficulty breathing or shortness of breath. The narrowing and thickening of the bronchi cause a chronic cough and production of sputum.
Most people in the early stages of COPD have few or no symptoms. People commonly begin to develop symptoms once significant damage to the lungs has occurred.
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People with COPD are divided into four different groups ranging from mild (patient group A) to very severe (patient group D). Different symptoms accompany each group. Each progressing group results in more airway restrictions and limitations than the last. In each of these groups, people may experience periods where their symptoms are noticeably worse and require changes in medication. These periods are known as exacerbations.
You will likely have some airflow restriction, but not severe symptoms. You will probably cough up sputum.
Sputum is a mixture of saliva and mucus that forms in the respiratory tract. You have shortness of breath when you run on level surfaces or when you walk on a slight incline. You do not have more than one exacerbation per year and you are not hospitalized for your COPD. Some people will not have bothersome symptoms. Despite this, COPD is actively causing significant lung damage. At this stage, the lungs are still functioning at about 80 percent or more of their normal capacity, according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD).
Coughing and sputum production may increase in intensity or frequency. You may experience more intense shortness of breath during physical activity. You may also have to make changes in your daily activities because of your symptoms.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (copd)
You may become more tired and have more prominent breathing problems. Sputum continues to be produced from airways that are even narrower or damaged.
You have more debilitating breathing problems, even at rest. You have many problems with daily activities including bathing and dressing. Your quality of life is greatly reduced due to shortness of breath.
Exacerbations occur more often and can be life-threatening. They may require emergency medical attention. Frequent hospitalization may be required.
COPD may not be preventable for everyone, especially in cases where genetics plays a factor. But the most effective way to prevent COPD from developing is not to smoke, or to stop if you smoke. Smoking is the main cause of COPD. Avoiding exposure to respiratory pollutants can also help prevent COPD. These pollutants include:
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There are ways to reduce the risk of COPD. And once a person has developed COPD, there are steps they can take to slow its progression. These include:
COPD is a serious condition that can significantly impact a person’s quality of life. If you start to develop symptoms of COPD, see your doctor as soon as possible. Early detection means early treatment, which can slow the progression of the disease. Likewise, consult your doctor if you already have COPD and are experiencing worsening symptoms.
It has strict provenance guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. We avoid using tertiary referrals. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung disease characterized by long-term obstruction of the lung airways that interferes with normal breathing and is not completely reversible. There are 2 forms of COPD; Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema. COPD sufferers tend to have a little of both. Chronic bronchitis is defined as the presence of a chronic cough that is accompanied by sputum production for at least 3 months in two consecutive years. Emphysema is an abnormal enlargement of the air spaces in the lungs.
It is a common misconception that COPD is rare. Even though it is relatively little known, it is one of the top 4 causes of death in developed countries and the prevalence in Nigeria has been shown to be increasing. In addition, symptoms are not always apparent and COPD can remain silent for years until it is too late.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Images
The diagnosis of COPD is made using spirometry which is a test that evaluates the amount of air that can be forcefully expelled from the lungs.
COPD cannot be cured, it can only be managed as lung damage cannot be reversed. Early screening can identify COPD before major loss of lung tissue occurs; present to a doctor early if you experience any of the symptoms mentioned above.
The physician’s goal in managing a patient with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is to improve the patient’s quality of life, preserve the patient’s lung function, improve symptoms and prevent disease aggravation. This is done through smoking cessation and oxygen therapy, the use of inhalers that reduce airway obstruction, steroids and chest physiotherapy.
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